46 BC Caesar returns to Rome following victory in the African war.

663 Constans II visits Rome, the first emperor to do so in over a century

1044 Battle of Menfo: The Germans defeat the Magyars

1187 Saladin captures the citadel of Tiberias (invested the 2nd)

1294 Pietro di Morrone is elected Pope as Celestine V (5 Jul-13 Dec 1294), abdicates, d. 1296, later canonized

1450 Battle of Southwark: Jack Cade's Kentish rebels beat Matthew Gough

1806 Battle of Buenos Aires: The Spanish defeat a British attempt to take the city

1809 Battle of Wagram, Day 1: Napoleon v. the Austrians (ends 6th)

1809 Rome: Napoleon's troops kidnap Pope Pius VII and carry him into exile

1811 Venezuela declares independence from Spain

1814 Battle of Chippewa: "By God, these are regulars!"

1814 US Sloop-of-War 'Peacock' captures four British ships

1827 Emancipation Day in New York State: After nearly 30 years of "gradual emancipation" all remaining slaves the state are freed

1830 The French capture Algiers

1861 Battle of Carthage, Mo

1861 Skirmish at Newport News: the US retakes Gosport Naval Base

1863 Battle of Gettysburg, Day 5: Lee retreats

1924 Military revolt in Sao Paulo, Brazil

1932 Antonio de Oliveira Salazar becomes premier/dictator of Portugal (1932-1968)

1933 Germany's Catholic Center Party is disbanded by the Nazis

1941 Surprise Peruvian offensive opens war with Ecuador (truce, July 22)

1942 Aerial recon confirms Japanese airfield construction on Guadalcanal.

1942 Aleutians: USS 'Growler' (SS-215) sinks Japanese destroyer 'Arare' near Kiska.

1943 "Tokyo Express" supply mission departs Rabaul

1943 Damaged Japanese submarine 'I-7' is scuttled at Kiska

1943 Japan cedes five Malay provinces to Siam, as a bribe.

1943 The Battle of Kursk: Despite a massive German assault; the Soviets lose some ground but halt the attack in about a week.

1944 Japanese at Imphal decide to withdraw, having lost 53,000 troops

1962 Algeria becomes independent of France

1975 Cape Verde Islands gain independence after 500 years under Portugal

1977 Pakistan: coup by Gen Mohammad Zia ul-Haq

1993 Kurdish guerrillas murder 32 villagers in East Turkey