1244 The Khwarismian Turks take Jerusalem, amid a great slaughter

1269 Battle of the Val d'Elsa: Florentine Guelfs defeat the Sienese Ghibellines

1276 Election of Pope Hadrian V (Jul 11-Aug 18, 1276)

1289 Battle of Campaldino: Florentine Guelfs (including Dante) defeat the Arretine Ghibbelines

1302 Battle of Courtrai/Battle of the Spurs: Flemish burgers defeat French knights

1708 Battle of Oudenarde: the Duke of Marlborough & Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat the French

1740 Jews are expelled from Belarus by Tsarina Anne

1786 US pays Morocco $10,000 to "protect" merchant ships from piracy

1792 Prussia invades France

1798 Congress reactivates the USMC, disbanded in 1784

1812 US invades Canada near Detroit

1838 Russian fleet of three ships-of-the-line & c. 30 other vessels wrecked in a storm on the Circassian coast, in the Black Sea

1859 Peace of Villafranca: Austria cedes northern Italy to Sardinia

1861 Battle of Rich Mountain, VA: Gen Rosecrans forces rebels to surrender

1872 Battle of the Hotel d'Europe, Alexandria: the American Consul and his party have a shoot out with some former Confederate officers serving in the Egyptian Army, everyone demonstrating bad aim

1898 USN bombards Santiago harbor defenses

1915 The German cruiser 'Konigsberg' is scuttled near Dar-es-Salam, Tanganyika

1919 US Navy Pay Corps becomes the Supply Corps

1934 FDR becomes the first sitting president to transit the Panama Canal, passing from the Caribbean to the Pacific aboard USS 'Houston' (CA 30)

1942 Japanese GHQ acknowledges the results of the Battle of Midway

1943 U.S. cruisers and destroyers shell Munda.

1943 USN surface ships break German-Italian tank attack at Gela, Sicily

1955 USAF Academy opens with 300 cadets at Lowry AFB, Colo.

1975 Archaeologists in Xian, China, unearth 8,000 porcelain soldiers, fully equipped and in proper formation, at the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi (221-210 BC)