371 BC Battle of Leuctra: Epaminondas of Thebes defeats Cleombrotus I of Sparta

83 BC Devastating fire destroys the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in Rome

432 Consecration of Pope St. Sixtus III (432-440)

1266 Norway cedes Man and the Hebrides to Scotland

1322 Battle of the Bassignana: The Visconti defeat their enemies

1348 Pope Clement VII's first condemnation of violence against Jews by those blaming them for the Plague

1483 Coronation of England's King Richard III (r. June 25, 1383-Aug. 22, 1385)

1495 Battle of Foronovo: French King Charles VIII defeats the Italian League

1553 Mary I ascends the throne of England (1553-1558)

1560 Treaty of Edinburgh: Scotland abandons its French ties to ally with England

1641 Battle of Sedan: Imperialists defeat the French

1652 Netherlands declares war on England: First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-54)

1685 Battle of Sedgemoor: King James II defeats his nephew the Duke of Monmouth

1699 Capt William Kidd arrested in Boston

1758 Carlo Della Torre Rezzonico elected Pope as Clement XIII (1758-1769)

1777 Burgoyne's British & Hessians capture Fort Ticonderoga

1782 Battle of Negapatam: Indecisive Anglo-French naval clash off India

1801 First Naval Battle of Algeciras: Franco-Spanish squadron defeats the British

1809 Battle of Wagram, Day 2: Napoleon defeats the Austrians

1844 Radical Protestant Nativists attack Catholics in Philadelphia, attempting to burn the church of St. Philip Neri; 12 deaths, many injured.

1861 Skirmish at Middle Creek Fork/Buckhannon, WVa

1862 Battle of Devall's Bluff, AR

1863 Battle of Williamsport/Hagerstown/Falling Waters Line, Md begins (to Jul 14)

1864 Jubal Early's Rebs capture Hagerstown, Maryland

1898 US Auxiliary Cruiser 'Dixie' captures three Spanish merchantmen

1911 First naval air station established, Annapolis, MD.

1917 T.E. Lawrence and the Arab Army capture Aqaba

1937 Battle of Brunete: Spanish Republicans open offensive (defeated by 26th)

1940 HM destroyer 'Griffen' is attacked in the English channel by 36 Dornier bombers, suffers no casualties and only minor damage from near misses

1942 German troops capture Voronezh, USSR

1942 The Frank family seeks shelter in the After house, Amsterdam

1943 Kula Gulf: USS 'Helena' (CL-50) lost to "Tokyo Express," which loses a destroyer

1943 U.S. ships begin periodic shelling of Japanese positions on Kiska

1945 Movement to the US of captured German scientists and equipment begins

1945 President Truman establishes the Medal of Freedom

1967 Biafran War erupts as Nigerian forces invade the secessionist province

1976 Women are admitted to the U.S. Naval Academy for the first time

1985 USS 'Nautilus' (SSN-571) arrives at Groton, Ct., to become a museum

1987 Sikh extremists begin a series of massacres in India

1989 Col. Oliver North convicted of accepting an illegal gratuity, obstruction of a congressional inquiry, and ordering the destruction of documents, in the Iran-Contra Scandal; later vacated

1998 Anti-Catholic rioting in Northern Ireland