425 Emperor Theodosius II establishes a "university" at Constantinople

1526 Saxony & Hesse form the "League of Protestant Princes"

1531 German Protestant towns form the "Schmalkaldibund"

1570 Uprising against Portuguese rule at Ternate, The Moluccas

1617 Treaty of Stolbovo: The Ingrian War ends, as Sweden annexes the eastern Baltic coast, landlocking Russia

1665 Battle of Elmina, Gold Coast: De Ruyter's Dutch fleet defeats the English

1670 Jews are expelled from Austria by order of Leopold I

1704 Indian raid on Deerfield, Ma; 40 die, 100 captured

1708 Slave revolt, Newtown, NY; 11 die

1713 French troops shell Willemstadt, Curacao

1776 The Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge (N.C.): Patriot forces break up Loyalist militia.

1814 Battle of Orthez: Wellington's British & Portuguese defeat Soult in southern France

1852 HMS 'Birkenhead' is wrecked off South Africa, troops stand fast while women & children are rescued -- "to stand an' be still to the Birken'ead drill is a damn tough bullet to chew," Kipling

1860 Lincoln speaks at The Cooper Union, NY - does not go to McSorley's with Peter Cooper afterward

1861 Warsaw: Russian troops shoot Poles protesting Tsarist rule, unknown numbers die

1864 Confederates open "Camp Sumter" for POWs, near Andersonville

1865 Skirmish near Sturgeon, Missouri

1881 Battle of Majuba Hill: The Boers defeat the British, ending the First Anglo-Boer War

1900 Boer General Cronje surrenders to English at Pardenberg, South Africa

1906 France & Britain agree to joint control of the New Hebrides

1908 Assassination attempt on Shah Mohammed Ali, Teheran

1933 Nazis torch the Reichstag, blame the Communists and grab more power

1939 France recognizes the Franco regime in Spain

1942 Japanese begin landings on Java

1942 Naval Battle of the Java Sea: Allies defeated by a superior Japanese force

1942 Brig. Gen. Ralph McT. Pennell wrote a Congressman who was trying to get someone out of the army

1943 9th Aus Div arrives at Sydney, 23 days out from the Middle East

1944 The Admiralties: Alamo Scouts reconnoiter Los Negros, covered by Allied air raids

1988 Anti-Armenian rioting in Azerbaijan, 30 die

1991 Operation Desert Storm: ground operations end, Iraqis ousted from Kuwait