653 Byzantines depose Pope St. Martin I (649-653), exiling him to the Crimea

806 Strassburg: Charlemagne mobilizes an army against the Sorbs

1155 Pope Adrian IV crowns Frederick I Barbarossa Holy Roman Emperor

1291 King Jaime II of Sicily ascends the throne of Aragon

1429 Battle of Patay: French defeat the English, retreating from Orleans

1450 Battle of Sevenoaks: Jack Cade's Kentish rebels defeat Sir Humphrey Stafford

1472 Volterra is sacked & razed by the Florentines under Lorenzo "il Magnifico" de' Medici

1538 Treaty of Nice: HRE Charles V & Francis I of France temporarily end the Italian Wars (1494-1559)

1675 Battle of Fehrbellim: The Prussians defeat the Swedes

1757 Battle of Kolin: Marshal Daun' Austrians defeat Frederick the Great's Prussians

1778 British evacuate Philadelphia1812US declares war against Britain

1815 Battles of Waterloo and Wavre: Wellington and Blucher crush Napoleon

1817 Waterloo Bridge, over the Thames in London, opens

1823 The British Army adopts trousers for infantry, in lieu of breeches & gaiters

1861 Combat at Camp Cole, Mo

1900 Empress Tsu-tse orders the Boxers to expel foreigners from China

1910 Ticker tape parade on Broadway for Theodore Roosevelt, on his return from Africa.

1916 President Wilson calls up the National Guard to secure the Mexican Border against hostile incursions.

1940 From London, Brig. Gen. Charles de Gaulle appeals to the French to rally to him, "Whatever happens, the flame of the French resistance must not be extinguished and will not be extinguished."

1940 Hitler and Mussolini confer in Munich, discuss the imminent surrender of France and plans for an invasion of Switzerland

1940 Winston Churchill says "this was their finest hour"

1942 Churchill arrives in Washington to confer with FDR

1942 Dr. Bernard Whitfield Robinson becomes the first black officer in the U.S. Navy

1944 US First Army isolates Cherbourg

1944 Japanese take Changsha, on the 3rd try.

1945 William "Lord Haw-Haw" Joyce is charged with treason